# Most-cited Physics and Astronomy papers of 2025, with free PDFs

The 25 most-cited Physics and Astronomy research papers published in 2025, ranked by citations in OpenAlex, with their original abstracts and free PDFs where available.

1. [Software Update: The ORCA Program System—Version 6.0](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4409901056) · 1,145 citations
2. [DESI 2024 VI: cosmological constraints from the measurements of baryon acoustic oscillations](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4394029306) · 1,134 citations · Free PDF
3. [DESI DR2 results. II. Measurements of baryon acoustic oscillations and cosmological constraints](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4410636511) · 572 citations · Free PDF
4. [Visualization Analysis of Covalent and Noncovalent Interactions in Real Space](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4410088525) · 335 citations
5. [The CosmoVerse White Paper: Addressing observational tensions in cosmology with systematics and fundamental physics](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4411476267) · 319 citations · Free PDF
6. [Kolmogorov-Arnold Networks Meet Science](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4417268310) · 284 citations · Free PDF
7. [DESI 2024 III: baryon acoustic oscillations from galaxies and quasars](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4409293301) · 272 citations · Free PDF
8. [DESI 2024 IV: Baryon Acoustic Oscillations from the Lyman alpha forest](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4394029502) · 270 citations · Free PDF
9. [Multi-Objective Loss Balancing for Physics-Informed Deep Learning](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4408489371) · 235 citations · Free PDF
10. [The Atacama Cosmology Telescope: DR6 power spectra, likelihoods and ΛCDM parameters](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4415025006) · 230 citations · Free PDF
11. [MACE-OFF: Short-Range Transferable Machine Learning Force Fields for Organic Molecules](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4410498985) · 226 citations · Free PDF
12. [When physics meets machine learning: a survey of physics-informed machine learning](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4410165966) · 225 citations · Free PDF
13. [DESI 2024 VII: cosmological constraints from the full-shape modeling of clustering measurements](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4404573518) · 207 citations · Free PDF
14. [Variational Physics-informed Neural Operator (VINO) for solving partial differential equations](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4407089611) · 206 citations · Free PDF
15. [Physics-informed neural networks for PDE problems: a comprehensive review](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4412642369) · 206 citations · Free PDF
16. [AIMNet2: a neural network potential to meet your neutral, charged, organic, and elemental-organic needs](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4409919879) · 202 citations
17. [Extended dark energy analysis using DESI DR2 BAO measurements](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4414860884) · 202 citations · Free PDF
18. [The Rise of Faint, Red Active Galactic Nuclei at z > 4: A Sample of Little Red Dots in the JWST Extragalactic Legacy Fields](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4411240372) · 199 citations · Free PDF
19. [Union through UNITY: Cosmology with 2000 SNe Using a Unified Bayesian Framework](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4389115081) · 189 citations · Free PDF
20. [The Atacama Cosmology Telescope: DR6 constraints on extended cosmological models](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W7106028304) · 184 citations · Free PDF
21. [Dark Matter Search Results from 4.2 Tonne − Years of Exposure of the LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) Experiment](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4410288887) · 180 citations · Free PDF
22. [Three-dimensional mapping of the altermagnetic spin splitting in CrSb](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4407252363) · 174 citations · Free PDF
23. [GOAT: A Global Optimization Algorithm for Molecules and Atomic Clusters](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4407658436) · 173 citations
24. [The PLATO mission](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4409619668) · 167 citations · Free PDF
25. [Abundant ammonia and nitrogen-rich soluble organic matter in samples from asteroid (101955) Bennu](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4406956629) · 165 citations · Free PDF

Canonical page: https://nerdi.pages.dev/papers/physics-and-astronomy/most-cited-2025