# Most-cited Mathematics papers of 2023, with free PDFs

The 25 most-cited Mathematics research papers published in 2023, ranked by citations in OpenAlex, with their original abstracts and free PDFs where available.

1. [Variational Inference: A Review for Statisticians](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W3101380508) · 2,010 citations
2. [A More Credible Approach to Parallel Trends](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4320855218) · 1,486 citations
3. [Logs with Zeros? Some Problems and Solutions](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4389773814) · 976 citations
4. [PyMC: a modern, and comprehensive probabilistic programming framework in Python](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4386373863) · 880 citations
5. [Machine Learning in Environmental Research: Common Pitfalls and Best Practices](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4382536268) · 675 citations
6. [A review on longitudinal data analysis with random forest](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4317388187) · 671 citations · Free PDF
7. [Elastic Net Regularization Paths for All Generalized Linear Models](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W3133824676) · 656 citations · Free PDF
8. [Cross-Validation: What Does It Estimate and How Well Does It Do It?](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W3146796711) · 452 citations · Free PDF
9. [Emulation of Randomized Clinical Trials With Nonrandomized Database Analyses](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4366992020) · 418 citations
10. [Evaluation of a decided sample size in machine learning applications](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4320725980) · 408 citations · Free PDF
11. [An Introductory Guide to Event Study Models](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4382009268) · 356 citations
12. [Why the Cross-Lagged Panel Model Is Almost Never the Right Choice](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4361799298) · 346 citations
13. [Conformal prediction beyond exchangeability](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4380490520) · 294 citations · Free PDF
14. [There is no such thing as a validated prediction model](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4321782827) · 275 citations · Free PDF
15. [Simple approaches to nonlinear difference-in-differences with panel data](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4386163304) · 230 citations
16. [How Many Participants Do I Need to Test an Interaction? Conducting an Appropriate Power Analysis and Achieving Sufficient Power to Detect an Interaction](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4386851549) · 229 citations
17. [These Are Not the Effects You Are Looking for: Causality and the Within-/Between-Persons Distinction in Longitudinal Data Analysis](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4321440760) · 226 citations
18. [Placebo Tests for Causal Inference](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4385984544) · 223 citations
19. [On event studies and distributed‐lags in two‐way fixed effects models: Identification, equivalence, and generalization](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W3125319288) · 216 citations
20. [Practical advice on variable selection and reporting using Akaike information criterion](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4387077472) · 209 citations
21. [Non-normal Data in Repeated Measures ANOVA: Impact on Type I Error and Power](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4318026423) · 204 citations
22. [Stability of clinical prediction models developed using statistical or machine learning methods](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4384663192) · 200 citations · Free PDF
23. [Use and misuse of corrections for multiple testing](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4327923045) · 193 citations
24. [Extension of the glmm.hp package to zero-inflated generalized linear mixed models and multiple regression](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4388961465) · 193 citations
25. [Best practices for addressing missing data through multiple imputation](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4321788752) · 192 citations · Free PDF

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