# Most-cited Mathematics papers of 2017, with free PDFs

The 25 most-cited Mathematics research papers published in 2017, ranked by citations in OpenAlex, with their original abstracts and free PDFs where available.

1. [lmerTest Package: Tests in Linear Mixed Effects Models](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W2774486220) · 23,877 citations · Free PDF
2. [Discovering Statistics Using Ibm Spss Statistics](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W2249595199) · 16,424 citations
3. [glmmTMB Balances Speed and Flexibility Among Packages for Zero-inflated Generalized Linear Mixed Modeling](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W2786358356) · 13,038 citations
4. [brms : An R Package for Bayesian Multilevel Models Using Stan](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W2749069611) · 9,490 citations · Free PDF
5. [Stan : A Probabilistic Programming Language](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W2577537660) · 7,872 citations · Free PDF
6. [Sensitivity Analysis in Observational Research: Introducing the E-Value](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W2735301415) · 6,215 citations · Free PDF
7. [Comparison of Sociodemographic and Health-Related Characteristics of UK Biobank Participants With Those of the General Population](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W2723723801) · 3,996 citations
8. [Variational Inference: A Review for Statisticians](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W2225156818) · 3,847 citations · Free PDF
9. [Partial, conditional, and moderated moderated mediation: Quantification, inference, and interpretation](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W2744904120) · 3,475 citations
10. [ranger : A Fast Implementation of Random Forests for High Dimensional Data in C++ and R](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W2157395790) · 3,373 citations · Free PDF
11. [Estimation and Inference of Heterogeneous Treatment Effects using Random Forests](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W2208550830) · 2,964 citations
12. [Double/debiased machine learning for treatment and structural parameters](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W3123436326) · 2,959 citations
13. [The coefficient of determination R 2 and intra-class correlation coefficient from generalized linear mixed-effects models revisited and expanded](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W2952757700) · 2,809 citations
14. [When and how should multiple imputation be used for handling missing data in randomised clinical trials – a practical guide with flowcharts](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W2772803673) · 2,749 citations · Free PDF
15. [Deep Convolutional Neural Network for Inverse Problems in Imaging](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W2574952845) · 2,574 citations · Free PDF
16. [Feature Selection](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4289236186) · 2,429 citations · Free PDF
17. [Limb proportions show developmental plasticity in response to embryo movement](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W2586691160) · 2,372 citations · Free PDF
18. [Equivalence Tests](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W2610765860) · 2,184 citations
19. [Balancing Type I error and power in linear mixed models](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W2123565526) · 2,040 citations · Free PDF
20. [Repeated Measures Correlation](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W2511883439) · 2,029 citations · Free PDF
21. [Machine Learning: An Applied Econometric Approach](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W2610886376) · 1,999 citations
22. [Understanding and misunderstanding randomized controlled trials](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W2515189678) · 1,857 citations
23. [Determining Power and Sample Size for Simple and Complex Mediation Models](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W2625117584) · 1,833 citations
24. [Random Forest](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4243150065) · 1,806 citations
25. [rptR: repeatability estimation and variance decomposition by generalized linear mixed‐effects models](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W2605868587) · 1,792 citations

Canonical page: https://nerdi.pages.dev/papers/mathematics/most-cited-2017