# Most-cited Mathematics papers of 2016, with free PDFs

The 25 most-cited Mathematics research papers published in 2016, ranked by citations in OpenAlex, with their original abstracts and free PDFs where available.

1. [Comparison of Convenience Sampling and Purposive Sampling](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W2239306219) · 11,287 citations
2. [Principal component analysis: a review and recent developments](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W2295124130) · 9,998 citations
3. [Unobservable Selection and Coefficient Stability: Theory and Evidence](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W2465587637) · 5,437 citations
4. [New fractional derivatives with nonlocal and non-singular kernel: Theory and application to heat transfer model](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W2963641381) · 3,966 citations
5. [Statistical tests, P values, confidence intervals, and power: a guide to misinterpretations](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W2408017125) · 3,211 citations · Free PDF
6. [Using Big Data to Emulate a Target Trial When a Randomized Trial Is Not Available: Table 1.](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W2298338128) · 3,039 citations
7. [Interrupted time series regression for the evaluation of public health interventions: a tutorial](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W2416547532) · 3,024 citations
8. [Information bias in health research: definition, pitfalls, and adjustment methods](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W2346275821) · 3,016 citations · Free PDF
9. [Introduction to the Analysis of Survival Data in the Presence of Competing Risks](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W2264767503) · 2,595 citations · Free PDF
10. [Probabilistic programming in Python using PyMC3](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W2217402295) · 2,428 citations · Free PDF
11. [Robust causal inference using directed acyclic graphs: the R package ‘dagitty’](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W2576536258) · 2,292 citations
12. [TNT version 1.5, including a full implementation of phylogenetic morphometrics](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W2342577284) · 2,247 citations
13. [Propensity Score Matching in Accounting Research](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W3124830097) · 1,764 citations
14. [Recursive partitioning for heterogeneous causal effects](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W2305754340) · 1,617 citations · Free PDF
15. [Defining Feasibility and Pilot Studies in Preparation for Randomised Controlled Trials: Development of a Conceptual Framework](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W2297046696) · 1,568 citations · Free PDF
16. [Epidemiology: An introduction](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W1505741243) · 1,522 citations
17. [Increasing Transparency Through a Multiverse Analysis](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W2526501380) · 1,455 citations
18. [JuMP: A MODELING LANGUAGE FOR MATHEMATICAL OPTIMIZATION](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W3105558219) · 1,391 citations
19. [Methodology series module 3: Cross-sectional studies](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W2390503303) · 1,375 citations
20. [missMDA : A Package for Handling Missing Values in Multivariate Data Analysis](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W2329290504) · 1,356 citations
21. [Smoothing Parameter and Model Selection for General Smooth Models](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W2593643174) · 1,322 citations · Free PDF
22. [Multicollinearity in Regression Analyses Conducted in Epidemiologic Studies](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W2371547131) · 1,288 citations
23. [Net benefit approaches to the evaluation of prediction models, molecular markers, and diagnostic tests](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W2226880313) · 1,152 citations · Free PDF
24. [Triangulation in aetiological epidemiology](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W2579779633) · 1,121 citations
25. [False discovery rates: a new deal](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W2949830473) · 1,101 citations · Free PDF

Canonical page: https://nerdi.pages.dev/papers/mathematics/most-cited-2016