# Most-cited Immunology and Microbiology papers of 2021, with free PDFs

The 25 most-cited Immunology and Microbiology research papers published in 2021, ranked by citations in OpenAlex, with their original abstracts and free PDFs where available.

1. [Inflammation and tumor progression: signaling pathways and targeted intervention](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W3180882235) · 2,800 citations · Free PDF
2. [Sexually Transmitted Infections Treatment Guidelines, 2021](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W3185444663) · 2,764 citations · Free PDF
3. [Pattern recognition receptors in health and diseases](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W3188249461) · 1,794 citations · Free PDF
4. [Macrophage Polarization States in the Tumor Microenvironment](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W3173665490) · 1,620 citations · Free PDF
5. [A pan-cancer single-cell transcriptional atlas of tumor infiltrating myeloid cells](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W3126902084) · 1,568 citations
6. [Spatiotemporal Immune Landscape of Colorectal Cancer Liver Metastasis at Single-Cell Level](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W3193609746) · 1,137 citations
7. [Antimicrobial peptides: mechanism of action, activity and clinical potential](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W3198303770) · 1,070 citations · Free PDF
8. [Myeloid-derived suppressor cells as immunosuppressive regulators and therapeutic targets in cancer](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W3202545704) · 991 citations · Free PDF
9. [Targeting tumor-associated macrophages to synergize tumor immunotherapy](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W3130791700) · 965 citations · Free PDF
10. [mRNA vaccine for cancer immunotherapy](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W3130729977) · 932 citations · Free PDF
11. [The European Union Summary Report on Antimicrobial Resistance in zoonotic and indicator bacteria from humans, animals and food in 2018/2019](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4205455209) · 876 citations
12. [Global antibiotic consumption and usage in humans, 2000–18: a spatial modelling study](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W3211444262) · 866 citations
13. [Microbial short-chain fatty acids modulate CD8+ T cell responses and improve adoptive immunotherapy for cancer](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W3175895832) · 758 citations · Free PDF
14. [NADPH Oxidases (NOX): An Overview from Discovery, Molecular Mechanisms to Physiology and Pathology](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W3168173367) · 756 citations · Free PDF
15. [Dendritic Cells Revisited](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W3123996313) · 754 citations
16. [The spectrum of inflammatory responses](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W3216930162) · 709 citations
17. [Interleukin-6 Signaling and Anti-Interleukin-6 Therapeutics in Cardiovascular Disease](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W3160691741) · 694 citations
18. [NK cell-based cancer immunotherapy: from basic biology to clinical development](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W3120414804) · 689 citations · Free PDF
19. [Cathepsin C promotes breast cancer lung metastasis by modulating neutrophil infiltration and neutrophil extracellular trap formation](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W3120670329) · 656 citations
20. [Metabolic reprogramming in macrophage responses](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W3119318722) · 646 citations
21. [Galectin-9 interacts with PD-1 and TIM-3 to regulate T cell death and is a target for cancer immunotherapy](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W3128803455) · 633 citations · Free PDF
22. [Functions of ROS in Macrophages and Antimicrobial Immunity](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W3131190077) · 633 citations · Free PDF
23. [Targeting macrophages in cancer immunotherapy](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W3138104526) · 627 citations · Free PDF
24. [Autoantibodies neutralizing type I IFNs are present in ~4% of uninfected individuals over 70 years old and account for ~20% of COVID-19 deaths](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W3195130348) · 613 citations · Free PDF
25. [T cell receptor (TCR) signaling in health and disease](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4200374506) · 606 citations · Free PDF

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