# Most-cited Economics papers of 2025, with free PDFs

The 25 most-cited Economics research papers published in 2025, ranked by citations in OpenAlex, with their original abstracts and free PDFs where available.

1. [Agent-Based Modeling in Economics and Finance: Past, Present, and Future](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4408164074) · 240 citations
2. [sdmTMB : An R Package for Fast, Flexible, and User-Friendly Generalized Linear Mixed Effects Models with Spatial and Spatiotemporal Random Fields](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W7126223455) · 211 citations · Free PDF
3. [Introducing the New ESG ‐Based Sustainability Uncertainty Index ( ESGUI )](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4406680534) · 209 citations
4. [Financial Inclusion and Economic Growth in Nigeria](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W2147055566) · 201 citations
5. [A Study of Contemporaneous Residential Real Estate Price Causation Across Major Jiangsu Province Cities: Methodology Using Vector Error-Correction Models and Directed Acyclic Graphs](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4415020412) · 179 citations
6. [Contemporaneous causal orderings among prices of retail properties: evidence from Chinese cities through vector error-correction modeling and directed acyclic graphs](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4408260779) · 178 citations
7. [A Practical Guide to Shift-Share Instruments](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4407527980) · 158 citations · Free PDF
8. [FinTech: a literature review of emerging financial technologies and applications](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4405972181) · 141 citations · Free PDF
9. [Is policy pilot a viable path to sustainable development? Attention allocation perspective](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4406202718) · 129 citations
10. [Can green finance policy promote inclusive green growth?- Based on the quasi-natural experiment of China's green finance reform and innovation pilot zone](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4409139599) · 127 citations
11. [Harnessing technological innovation and renewable energy and their impact on environmental pollution in G-20 countries](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4406543888) · 126 citations · Free PDF
12. [AI integration in financial services: a systematic review of trends and regulatory challenges](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4409635594) · 115 citations · Free PDF
13. [Rising infrastructure inequalities accompany urbanization and economic development](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4406985583) · 107 citations · Free PDF
14. [The role of green finance in attaining environmental sustainability within a country's ESG performance](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4407631254) · 102 citations · Free PDF
15. [Regulating Conglomerates: Evidence from an Energy Conservation Program in China](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4406965573) · 100 citations
16. [Green macrofinancial regimes](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4407106970) · 99 citations · Free PDF
17. [Forecasts of wholesale food price indices through Gaussian process regressions](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4410696834) · 96 citations
18. [Artificial Intelligence and Environmental Sustainability: Investigating the AI ‐ EKC Nexus for SDG 7 and SDG 13](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4415092972) · 94 citations
19. [Demand-side strategies enable rapid and deep cuts in buildings and transport emissions to 2050](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4407150821) · 91 citations · Free PDF
20. [Private Information and Price Regulation in the US Credit Card Market](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W2612538112) · 88 citations
21. [A prudent planetary limit for geologic carbon storage](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4413946631) · 85 citations
22. [How Does AI Technology Innovation Drive Carbon Emission Efficiency? A Machine Learning–Based Meta‐Frontier Analysis Across 75 Countries](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4415213610) · 85 citations
23. [Innovations and barriers in sustainable and green finance for advancing sustainable development goals](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4406041598) · 83 citations · Free PDF
24. [The Timing of New Technology Adoption: The Case of MRI](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W1498662876) · 81 citations
25. [Testing the Impact of Renewable Energy and Institutional Quality on Consumption-Based CO2 Emissions: Fresh Insights from MMQR Approach](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4406614714) · 81 citations · Free PDF

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