# Most-cited Earth and Planetary Sciences papers of 2025, with free PDFs

The 25 most-cited Earth and Planetary Sciences research papers published in 2025, ranked by citations in OpenAlex, with their original abstracts and free PDFs where available.

1. [A foundation model for the Earth system](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4410551352) · 213 citations · Free PDF
2. [Community estimate of global glacier mass changes from 2000 to 2023](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4407722167) · 193 citations · Free PDF
3. [The Sikkim flood of October 2023: Drivers, causes, and impacts of a multihazard cascade](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4406970321) · 144 citations
4. [Residual corrective diffusion modeling for km-scale atmospheric downscaling](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4407884014) · 114 citations · Free PDF
5. [Changing patterns of global nitrogen deposition driven by socio-economic development](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4406002869) · 112 citations · Free PDF
6. [Machine Learning Methods for Weather Forecasting: A Survey](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4406362609) · 111 citations · Free PDF
7. [End-to-end data-driven weather prediction](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4408657432) · 96 citations · Free PDF
8. [Wide-swath satellite altimetry unveils global submesoscale ocean dynamics](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4409486643) · 87 citations
9. [Long-term impact and biological recovery in a deep-sea mining track](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4408868226) · 82 citations
10. [Lithium Brines: Origin, Characteristics, and Global Distribution](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4408699309) · 80 citations
11. [Abrupt sea level rise and Earth’s gradual pole shift reveal permanent hydrological regime changes in the 21st century](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4408892094) · 79 citations
12. [Disappearing landscapes: The Arctic at +2.7°C global warming](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4407199606) · 76 citations
13. [A complete and dynamic tree of birds](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4409918793) · 76 citations
14. [The ICS international chronostratigraphic chart this decade](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4407669761) · 71 citations
15. [Global seagrass carbon stock variability and emissions from seagrass loss](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4410129991) · 70 citations · Free PDF
16. [An upgraded high-precision gridded precipitation dataset for the Chinese mainland considering spatial autocorrelation and covariates](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4413345263) · 69 citations
17. [Annual mass change of the world's glaciers from 1976 to 2024 by temporal downscaling of satellite data with in situ observations](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4410243581) · 67 citations
18. [Interactive effects of multiple stressors in coastal ecosystems](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4406196275) · 64 citations · Free PDF
19. [Molecular insights into the composition, sources, and aging of atmospheric brown carbon](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4405983710) · 63 citations
20. [Review of gridded climate products and their use in hydrological analyses reveals overlaps, gaps, and the need for a more objective approach to selecting model forcing datasets](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4406248368) · 63 citations · Free PDF
21. [Ocean Acidification: Another Planetary Boundary Crossed](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4411163659) · 63 citations
22. [Secondary organic aerosol in urban China: A distinct chemical regime for air pollution studies](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4413786034) · 60 citations
23. [Wildfires offset the increasing but spatially heterogeneous Arctic–boreal CO2 uptake](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4406679568) · 59 citations · Free PDF
24. [Systematic review: a scientometric analysis of the status, trends and challenges in the application of digital technology to cultural heritage conservation (2019–2024)](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4408951555) · 59 citations
25. [Land surveying with UAV photogrammetry and LiDAR for optimal building planning](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4408020481) · 57 citations

Canonical page: https://nerdi.pages.dev/papers/earth-and-planetary-sciences/most-cited-2025