Most-cited Earth and Planetary Sciences papers of 2025, with free PDFs

The 25 most-cited Earth and Planetary Sciences research papers published in 2025, ranked by citations in OpenAlex, with their original abstracts and free PDFs where available.

1. A foundation model for the Earth system
   Cristian Bodnar, Wessel P. Bruinsma et al. · 2025 · 213 citations · Free PDF
2. Community estimate of global glacier mass changes from 2000 to 2023
   The GlaMBIE Team, Michael Zemp et al. · 2025 · 193 citations · Free PDF
3. The Sikkim flood of October 2023: Drivers, causes, and impacts of a multihazard cascade
   Ashim Sattar, Kristen Cook et al. · 2025 · 144 citations
4. Residual corrective diffusion modeling for km-scale atmospheric downscaling
   Morteza Mardani, Noah Brenowitz et al. · 2025 · 114 citations · Free PDF
5. Changing patterns of global nitrogen deposition driven by socio-economic development
   Jianxing Zhu, Yanlong Jia et al. · 2025 · 112 citations · Free PDF
6. Machine Learning Methods for Weather Forecasting: A Survey
   Huijun Zhang, Yaxin Liu et al. · 2025 · 111 citations · Free PDF
7. End-to-end data-driven weather prediction
   Anna Allén, Stratis Markou et al. · 2025 · 96 citations · Free PDF
8. Wide-swath satellite altimetry unveils global submesoscale ocean dynamics
   Matthew Archer, Jinbo Wang et al. · 2025 · 87 citations
9. Long-term impact and biological recovery in a deep-sea mining track
   Daniel O. B. Jones, María Belén Arias et al. · 2025 · 82 citations
10. Lithium Brines: Origin, Characteristics, and Global Distribution
    LeeAnn Munk, David F. Boutt et al. · 2025 · 80 citations
11. Abrupt sea level rise and Earth’s gradual pole shift reveal permanent hydrological regime changes in the 21st century
    Ki‐Weon Seo, Dongryeol Ryu et al. · 2025 · 79 citations
12. Disappearing landscapes: The Arctic at +2.7°C global warming
    Julienne Christine Stroeve, Dirk Notz et al. · 2025 · 76 citations
13. A complete and dynamic tree of birds
    Emily Jane McTavish, Jeff Gerbracht et al. · 2025 · 76 citations
14. The ICS international chronostratigraphic chart this decade
    K.M. Cohen, David A. T. Harper et al. · 2025 · 71 citations
15. Global seagrass carbon stock variability and emissions from seagrass loss
    Johannes Renke Krause, Clint Cameron et al. · 2025 · 70 citations · Free PDF
16. An upgraded high-precision gridded precipitation dataset for the Chinese mainland considering spatial autocorrelation and covariates
    Jinlong Hu, Chiyuan Miao et al. · 2025 · 69 citations
17. Annual mass change of the world's glaciers from 1976 to 2024 by temporal downscaling of satellite data with in situ observations
    Inés Dussaillant, Romain Hugonnet et al. · 2025 · 67 citations
18. Interactive effects of multiple stressors in coastal ecosystems
    Shubham Krishna, Carsten Lemmen et al. · 2025 · 64 citations · Free PDF
19. Molecular insights into the composition, sources, and aging of atmospheric brown carbon
    Alexander Laskin, Christopher P. West et al. · 2025 · 63 citations
20. Review of gridded climate products and their use in hydrological analyses reveals overlaps, gaps, and the need for a more objective approach to selecting model forcing datasets
    Kyle R. Mankin, Sushant Mehan et al. · 2025 · 63 citations · Free PDF
21. Ocean Acidification: Another Planetary Boundary Crossed
    Helen S. Findlay, Richard A. Feely et al. · 2025 · 63 citations
22. Secondary organic aerosol in urban China: A distinct chemical regime for air pollution studies
    Ru‐Jin Huang, Yongjie Li et al. · 2025 · 60 citations
23. Wildfires offset the increasing but spatially heterogeneous Arctic–boreal CO2 uptake
    Anna‐Maria Virkkala, Brendan M. Rogers et al. · 2025 · 59 citations · Free PDF
24. Systematic review: a scientometric analysis of the status, trends and challenges in the application of digital technology to cultural heritage conservation (2019–2024)
    Weicong Li, Qian Xie et al. · 2025 · 59 citations
25. Land surveying with UAV photogrammetry and LiDAR for optimal building planning
    Paul Sestraș, Gheorghe Badea et al. · 2025 · 57 citations

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