# Most-cited Earth and Planetary Sciences papers of 2024, with free PDFs

The 25 most-cited Earth and Planetary Sciences research papers published in 2024, ranked by citations in OpenAlex, with their original abstracts and free PDFs where available.

1. [phytools 2.0: an updated R ecosystem for phylogenetic comparative methods (and other things)](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4390608966) · 1,046 citations · Free PDF
2. [Rapid groundwater decline and some cases of recovery in aquifers globally](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4391160682) · 708 citations · Free PDF
3. [Formation and growth of fresh atmospheric aerosols: eight years of aerosol size distribution data from SMEAR II, Hyytiälä, Finland](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W2464759057) · 671 citations
4. [The changing nature of groundwater in the global water cycle](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4392282891) · 523 citations
5. [Neural general circulation models for weather and climate](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4400880443) · 442 citations · Free PDF
6. [Probabilistic weather forecasting with machine learning](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4405031167) · 407 citations · Free PDF
7. [The Surface Water and Ocean Topography Mission: A Breakthrough in Radar Remote Sensing of the Ocean and Land Surface Water](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4391999527) · 357 citations · Free PDF
8. [The ERA5 global reanalysis from 1940 to 2022](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4401232992) · 335 citations
9. [Implementation of the lake parameterisation scheme FLake into the numerical weather prediction model COSMO](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W2468940274) · 261 citations
10. [A 485-million-year history of Earth’s surface temperature](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4402625647) · 244 citations
11. [Lithium: A review of applications, occurrence, exploration, extraction, recycling, analysis, and environmental impact](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4398147129) · 229 citations
12. [Accelerating growth of human coastal populations at the global and continent levels: 2000–2018](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4402939536) · 222 citations · Free PDF
13. [WeatherBench 2: A Benchmark for the Next Generation of Data‐Driven Global Weather Models](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4399779937) · 217 citations · Free PDF
14. [The Rise of Data-Driven Weather Forecasting: A First Statistical Assessment of Machine Learning–Based Weather Forecasts in an Operational-Like Context](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4392284590) · 212 citations · Free PDF
15. [300 years of sclerosponge thermometry shows global warming has exceeded 1.5 °C](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4391542522) · 198 citations · Free PDF
16. [Evaluation of an automatic algorithm for fitting the particle number size distributions](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W2467793844) · 184 citations
17. [Supershear triggering and cascading fault ruptures of the 2023 Kahramanmaraş, Türkiye, earthquake doublet](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4390967629) · 180 citations
18. [Rain observations with a vertically looking Micro Rain Radar (MRR)](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W2104897058) · 179 citations
19. [Widespread societal and ecological impacts from projected Tibetan Plateau lake expansion](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4399040839) · 162 citations
20. [Temperature-dependent emissions dominate aerosol and ozone formation in Los Angeles](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4399848847) · 160 citations
21. [Evidence of human influence on Northern Hemisphere snow loss](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4390707812) · 159 citations
22. [Feasible Route to High-Temperature Ambient-Pressure Hydride Superconductivity](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4394799079) · 154 citations · Free PDF
23. [Rice’s trajectory from wild to domesticated in East Asia](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4398250216) · 153 citations
24. [Digitalizing cultural heritage through metaverse applications: challenges, opportunities, and strategies](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4401544115) · 152 citations
25. [The rate of global sea level rise doubled during the past three decades](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4403481609) · 152 citations · Free PDF

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