# Most-cited Computer Science papers of 2025, with free PDFs

The 25 most-cited Computer Science research papers published in 2025, ranked by citations in OpenAlex, with their original abstracts and free PDFs where available.

1. [DeepSeek-R1 incentivizes reasoning in LLMs through reinforcement learning](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4414281281) · 1,086 citations · Free PDF
2. [Accurate predictions on small data with a tabular foundation model](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4406170795) · 977 citations · Free PDF
3. [Multiscale structural similarity for image quality assessment](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W2626610348) · 876 citations
4. [A Comprehensive Overview of Large Language Models](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4411403346) · 735 citations
5. [Agentic AI: Autonomous Intelligence for Complex Goals—A Comprehensive Survey](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4406728221) · 691 citations
6. [Abstract Functional Language Logic: A Competitive Mixture of Experts Architecture for Paradox-Free Reasoning and Adaptive Intelligence](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4293718192) · 585 citations
7. [VM-UNet: Vision Mamba UNet for Medical Image Segmentation](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4414243662) · 584 citations
8. [Unleashing the potential of prompt engineering for large language models](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4410202262) · 495 citations · Free PDF
9. [Medical SAM adapter: Adapting segment anything model for medical image segmentation](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4408634392) · 463 citations · Free PDF
10. [The Faiss Library](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4415124086) · 444 citations · Free PDF
11. [A comprehensive survey of loss functions and metrics in deep learning](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4409349694) · 343 citations · Free PDF
12. [Security and Privacy Challenges of Large Language Models: A Survey](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4406302454) · 331 citations
13. [The GSA Family in 2025: A Broadened Sharing Platform for Multi-omics and Multimodal Data](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4413680442) · 331 citations · Free PDF
14. [Artificial lemming algorithm: a novel bionic meta-heuristic technique for solving real-world engineering optimization problems](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4406080942) · 327 citations
15. [PLIP 2025: introducing protein–protein interactions to the protein–ligand interaction profiler](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4410251219) · 318 citations
16. [YOLO advances to its genesis: a decadal and comprehensive review of the You Only Look Once (YOLO) series](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4400266963) · 304 citations · Free PDF
17. [Generative artificial intelligence in higher education: Evidence from an analysis of institutional policies and guidelines](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4406571986) · 300 citations · Free PDF
18. [Foundation Models Defining a New Era in Vision: A Survey and Outlook](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4406208390) · 281 citations
19. [Generative AI in Higher Education: Balancing Innovation and Integrity](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4406199489) · 274 citations
20. [Digital learning in the 21st century: trends, challenges, and innovations in technology integration](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4408943584) · 272 citations
21. [The role of agentic AI in shaping a smart future: A systematic review](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4410197190) · 264 citations
22. [MB-TaylorFormer V2: Improved Multi-Branch Linear Transformer Expanded by Taylor Formula for Image Restoration](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4409326045) · 262 citations
23. [Network pharmacology: a crucial approach in traditional Chinese medicine research](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4406289485) · 257 citations · Free PDF
24. [A comprehensive survey of deep learning for time series forecasting: architectural diversity and open challenges](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4409695029) · 255 citations · Free PDF
25. [Comprehensive Analysis of Random Forest and XGBoost Performance with SMOTE, ADASYN, and GNUS Under Varying Imbalance Levels](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4407843617) · 253 citations · Free PDF

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