# Most-cited Computer Science papers of 2024, with free PDFs

The 25 most-cited Computer Science research papers published in 2024, ranked by citations in OpenAlex, with their original abstracts and free PDFs where available.

1. [Learning Multiple Layers of Features from Tiny Images](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W3118608800) · 24,642 citations
2. [Targeted Branching for the Maximum Independent Set Problem Using Graph Neural Networks](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4294558607) · 5,266 citations
3. [Kaldi Speech Recognition Toolkit](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W1524333225) · 4,823 citations
4. [Reading digits in natural images with unsupervised feature learning](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W2335728318) · 4,403 citations
5. [Caltech-UCSD Birds-200-2011 Dataset](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W1797268635) · 3,860 citations
6. [Segment anything in medical images](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4391109864) · 2,923 citations · Free PDF
7. [A Survey on Evaluation of Large Language Models](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4391136507) · 2,832 citations
8. [A Survey on Hallucination in Large Language Models: Principles, Taxonomy, Challenges, and Open Questions](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4404534210) · 2,370 citations · Free PDF
9. [A survey on large language model based autonomous agents](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4393065402) · 1,805 citations · Free PDF
10. [ProTox 3.0: a webserver for the prediction of toxicity of chemicals](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4395010444) · 1,595 citations
11. [The effects of over-reliance on AI dialogue systems on students' cognitive abilities: a systematic review](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4399790131) · 1,480 citations
12. [Lost in the Middle: How Language Models Use Long Contexts](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4391876619) · 1,405 citations · Free PDF
13. [TransUNet: Rethinking the U-Net architecture design for medical image segmentation through the lens of transformers](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4400881081) · 1,355 citations
14. [Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4390692489) · 1,320 citations · Free PDF
15. [Evaluation metrics and statistical tests for machine learning](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4392741075) · 1,282 citations · Free PDF
16. [ADMETlab 3.0: an updated comprehensive online ADMET prediction platform enhanced with broader coverage, improved performance, API functionality and decision support](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4393936599) · 1,250 citations
17. [A review of convolutional neural networks in computer vision](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4393115925) · 1,149 citations · Free PDF
18. [An Update on the Nitrogen Heterocycle Compositions and Properties of U.S. FDA-Approved Pharmaceuticals (2013–2023)](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4400581728) · 1,054 citations
19. [A survey on large language model (LLM) security and privacy: The Good, The Bad, and The Ugly](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4392353733) · 1,052 citations · Free PDF
20. [A Comprehensive Survey of Continual Learning: Theory, Method and Application](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4392173735) · 1,022 citations
21. [Large Language Models for Software Engineering: A Systematic Literature Review](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4402665833) · 972 citations
22. [Auto-Encoding Variational Bayes](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4391602018) · 941 citations
23. [DEA-Net: Single Image Dehazing Based on Detail-Enhanced Convolution and Content-Guided Attention](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4391092744) · 939 citations
24. [Medical Image Segmentation Review: The Success of U-Net](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4401725766) · 927 citations
25. [Vision-Language Models for Vision Tasks: A Survey](https://nerdi.pages.dev/paper/W4392172801) · 921 citations

Canonical page: https://nerdi.pages.dev/papers/computer-science/most-cited-2024