“The formation of the first cosmic structures in hybrid Milgromian cosmology” (2026), by Tomáš Ondro et al. Physics and Astronomy research paper. Original abstract below, unchanged. A free PDF is available.

The formation of the first cosmic structures in hybrid Milgromian cosmology

Tomáš Ondro, Nikolaos Samaras · November 2, 2026 · Physics and Astronomy

Abstract

Tackling cosmology with Milgromian Dynamics (MOND) has been a challenge ever since its theoretical inception. In a hybrid MOND scheme, a hypothesized light sterile neutrino of ≈ 11 eV/c² rest-mass is able to provide realistic initial conditions, fitting the third peak of the Planck CMB power spectrum as a Hot Dark Matter (HDM) component. At the same time, MOND governs the gravitational dynamics of density perturbations, while the background expansion follows the standard FLRW metric. We conduct and analyze hydrodynamical simulations of the fiducial ΛCDM model (H₀ = 67.8 km/s/Mpc, Ωₘ ≈ 0.31, Ω_CDM ≈ 0.26), the progenitor νHDM model (H₀ = 67.64 km/s/Mpc, Ωₘ = 0.3, Ω_ν≈ 0.26), and its optimized version (opt-νHDM model, H₀ ≈ 55.6 km/s/Mpc, Ωₘ ≈ 0.49, Ω_ν ≈ 0.42), utilizing the publicly available codes RAMSES and Phantom of RAMSES. We compare for the first time the total matter power spectrum P(k) of the hydrodynamical simulations at various redshifts, examining the systematic differences of the three investigated cosmologies. The redshift evolution of the power spectrum of the ΛCDM model compared to the νHDM variants' counterpart offers important insight about the onset of structure formation. The combination of a light sterile neutrino and MOND gravity exceeds the ΛCDM model's matter P(k) over all collapsing scales at late times (z≲ 1). The density and velocity fields reveal a distinct difference between the underlying laws of gravity. Regardless of the modeled dependence in the jointly estimated data from Planck, DES Y1, SDSS, and eBOSS, the νHDM hybrid models seem to produce an excess of power at associated resolution scales due to their cosmological design.

Free PDF DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.2611.03770