# Online versus offline continuing vocational education

“Online versus offline continuing vocational education” (2026), by Anika Rosenkranz et al. Social Sciences research paper. Original abstract below, unchanged. A free PDF is available.

- Authors: Anika Rosenkranz, Sara Reiter
- Published: November 3, 2026
- Field: Social Sciences
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40955-026-00373-0
- Free PDF: https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40955-026-00373-0.pdf

## Abstract

Given the greater scope for action that online learning creates in the workplace, the study examines employees who participated in non-formal continuing vocational education and investigates whether learner-initiated participation is associated with the online rather than offline delivery of a selected continuing vocational education activity. In addition, the study explores whether the mode of delivery of the selected activity varies with sociodemographic characteristics and employment-related factors. The findings indicate that learner-initiated continuing vocational education activities had a higher predicted probability of online delivery and that the mode of delivery is associated with selected sociodemographic and employment-related characteristics.

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