# Variant intolerance scores in cattle

“Variant intolerance scores in cattle” (2026), by Simon Lanigan et al. Genetics and Biochemistry research paper. Original abstract below, unchanged. A free PDF is available.

- Authors: Simon Lanigan, Martijn F. L. Derks, Anna M. Johansson, Martin Johnsson
- Published: November 10, 2026
- Field: Genetics and Biochemistry
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0355762
- Free PDF: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2026/07/30/2026.07.28.741161.full.pdf

## Abstract

Variant intolerance methods score the essentiality of genes based on large datasets of genetic variants and have been used in population genomics of humans and model organisms. In this paper, we estimated Residual Variation Intolerance Scores for protein-coding genes and predicted protein domains in cattle. In agreement with results from other species, the most variant-tolerant genes and domains included genes related to olfaction and adaptive immunity, whereas the least-variant tolerant genes and domains included genes involved in fundamental cellular processes. There was a moderate positive correlation with estimates from orthologous human genes. We provide estimates of variant intolerance in cattle that may facilitate the interpretation of deleterious variants and support population genomic analysis in cattle.

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