# Homogenizing out-of-plane cation composition in perovskite solar cells

“Homogenizing out-of-plane cation composition in perovskite solar cells” (2023), by Zheng Liang et al. Engineering research paper. Original abstract below, unchanged. A free PDF is available.

- Authors: Zheng Liang, Yong Zhang, Huifen Xu, Wenjing Chen, Boyuan Liu, Jiyao Zhang, Hui Zhang, Zihan Wang, Dong‐Ho Kang, Jianrong Zeng et al.
- Published: November 1, 2023
- Field: Engineering
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06784-0
- Free PDF: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06784-0.pdf

## Abstract

Perovskite solar cells with the formula FA 1− x Cs x PbI 3 , where FA is formamidinium, provide an attractive option for integrating high efficiency, durable stability and compatibility with scaled-up fabrication. Despite the incorporation of Cs cations, which could potentially enable a perfect perovskite lattice 1,2 , the compositional inhomogeneity caused by A-site cation segregation is likely to be detrimental to the photovoltaic performance of the solar cells 3,4 . Here we visualized the out-of-plane compositional inhomogeneity along the vertical direction across perovskite films and identified the underlying reasons for the inhomogeneity and its potential impact for devices. We devised a strategy using 1-(phenylsulfonyl)pyrrole to homogenize the distribution of cation composition in perovskite films. The resultant p–i–n devices yielded a certified steady-state photon-to-electron conversion efficiency of 25.2% and durable stability.

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