# GenomeScope 2.0 and Smudgeplot for reference-free profiling of polyploid genomes

“GenomeScope 2.0 and Smudgeplot for reference-free profiling of polyploid genomes” (2020), by T. Rhyker Ranallo-Benavidez et al. Genetics and Biochemistry research paper. Original abstract below, unchanged. A free PDF is available.

- Authors: T. Rhyker Ranallo-Benavidez, Kamil S. Jaroň, Michael C. Schatz
- Published: March 18, 2020
- Field: Genetics and Biochemistry
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-14998-3
- Free PDF: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-14998-3.pdf

## Abstract

An important assessment prior to genome assembly and related analyses is genome profiling, where the k-mer frequencies within raw sequencing reads are analyzed to estimate major genome characteristics such as size, heterozygosity, and repetitiveness. Here we introduce GenomeScope 2.0 (https://github.com/tbenavi1/genomescope2.0), which applies combinatorial theory to establish a detailed mathematical model of how k-mer frequencies are distributed in heterozygous and polyploid genomes. We describe and evaluate a practical implementation of the polyploid-aware mixture model that quickly and accurately infers genome properties across thousands of simulated and several real datasets spanning a broad range of complexity. We also present a method called Smudgeplot (https://github.com/KamilSJaron/smudgeplot) to visualize and estimate the ploidy and genome structure of a genome by analyzing heterozygous k-mer pairs. We successfully apply the approach to systems of known variable ploidy levels in the Meloidogyne genus and the extreme case of octoploid Fragaria × ananassa.

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