# Glutaminolysis and Fumarate Accumulation Integrate Immunometabolic and Epigenetic Programs in Trained Immunity

“Glutaminolysis and Fumarate Accumulation Integrate Immunometabolic and Epigenetic Programs in Trained Immunity” (2016), by Rob J.W. Arts et al. Immunology and Microbiology research paper. Original abstract below, unchanged. No free PDF was found.

- Authors: Rob J.W. Arts, Boris Novakovic, Rob ter Horst, Agostinho Carvalho, Siroon Bekkering, Ekta Lachmandas, Fernando José Santos Rodrigues, Ricardo Silvestre, Shih‐Chin Cheng, Shuang-Yin Wang et al.
- Published: November 17, 2016
- Field: Immunology and Microbiology
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2016.10.008
- Source: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2016.10.008

## Abstract

Induction of trained immunity (innate immune memory) is mediated by activation of immune and metabolic pathways that result in epigenetic rewiring of cellular functional programs. Through network-level integration of transcriptomics and metabolomics data, we identify glycolysis, glutaminolysis, and the cholesterol synthesis pathway as indispensable for the induction of trained immunity by β-glucan in monocytes. Accumulation of fumarate, due to glutamine replenishment of the TCA cycle, integrates immune and metabolic circuits to induce monocyte epigenetic reprogramming by inhibiting KDM5 histone demethylases. Furthermore, fumarate itself induced an epigenetic program similar to β-glucan-induced trained immunity. In line with this, inhibition of glutaminolysis and cholesterol synthesis in mice reduced the induction of trained immunity by β-glucan. Identification of the metabolic pathways leading to induction of trained immunity contributes to our understanding of innate immune memory and opens new therapeutic avenues.

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