# From three dimensions to five steps: The value of deliberate metaphor

“From three dimensions to five steps: The value of deliberate metaphor” (2025), by Gerard J. Steen. Psychology research paper. Original abstract below, unchanged. No free PDF was found.

- Authors: Gerard J. Steen
- Published: July 23, 2025
- Field: Psychology
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.17185/duepublico/83794
- Source: https://journals.uni-due.de/metaphorik/article/view/781/381

## Abstract

Recent interest in the nature of deliberate metaphor has demonstrated the need for a threedimensional model of metaphor. Metaphor is not just a matter of language and thought, but also of communication. How can this starting point be connected with a discourse-psychological framework for metaphor in which it is assumed that people have to represent metaphor as part of a number of complementary mental models for discourse? And how can this discourseanalytical approach be formalized in the five-step method for metaphor analysis going from language to thought: Can this method be adjusted to cater to the formal analysis of metaphor in communication as well, so that a distinction can be made between deliberate and non-deliberate metaphor in the five-step method? These are the questions addressed in this article.

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